Embolization is a cornerstone of modern interventional radiology, offering minimally invasive treatments for hemorrhages, tumors, and vascular malformations. Clinical success depends on the strategic selection of agents based on vascular anatomy and therapeutic goals. This review comprehensively explores the transition from traditional materials to advanced biomaterials designed for specific clinical scenarios. Temporary strategies utilize gelatin sponge particles and resorbable microspheres to provide transient occlusion, with recent focus on quick soluble versions that prevent long term ischemic injury. Permanent embolization has evolved from metallic coils and polyvinyl alcohol particles to sophisticated microsphere platforms, including drug eluting and radiopaque beads. Liquid embolic systems, such as N butyl cyanoacrylate and ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers, represent a significant paradigm shift by offering superior penetration into distal microvascular beds without the limitations of solid particles. Furthermore, ethanol remains a critical chemical sclerosant for definitive obliteration by inducing immediate endothelial destruction. Innovations like second generation hydrogel coated coils and bioabsorbable filaments further enhance procedural safety and predictability. As endovascular therapy moves toward high precision interventions, understanding these diverse temporary and permanent materials is essential for optimizing patient outcomes and minimizing complications in complex vascular landscapes.

The global disease burden of cirrhosis is heavy, with portal hypertension being one of the most common complications of decompensated cirrhosis, severely affecting the quality of patient survival. While relieving portal pressure, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) also brings enterogenous toxins into the body circulation, with a consequent rapid increase in blood ammonia levels, which induces hepatic encephalopathy, severely limiting the promotion of this technique in the clinic. This study will explore the differences between transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt–associated hepatic encephalopathy (TIPS-HE) and conventional hepatic encephalopathy from the aspects of pathophysiologic mechanism, disease diagnosis and postoperative management, providing a new perspective for the precise prevention and treatment of TIPS-HE.

Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA), characterized by significant and persistent pain and functional impairment, has emerged as a major global cause of disability. The core mechanism underlying its pain involves mechanical injury and joint degeneration triggering a vicious cycle of "synovitis-vascular proliferation-aberrant innervation-sensitization". Conventional conservative treatments (such as NSAIDs and intra-articular injections) offer limited efficacy, while Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) is constrained by its high-risk profile and prolonged recovery period. Genicular Artery Embolization (GAE), an emerging minimally invasive interventional therapy, aims to alleviate pain by selectively embolizing abnormal neovessels within the knee joint. This targeted approach disrupts the neurovascular coupling pathway mediated by synovial inflammation. This article systematically reviews the current evidence-based basis regarding the pathophysiology of KOA pain, GAE's clinical efficacy, safety profile, and key ongoing deliberations. It evaluates the potential value and positioning of GAE within the stepwise treatment framework for KOA and explores future research directions.

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of an ethanol–iohexol mixture (EIM) as an endovascular embolic agent in a rabbit renal artery embolization model and compare it with an ethanol–lipiodol suspension (ELS).

Forty-five rabbits were randomly divided into a control group, an EIM group, and an ELS group (n=15 each). All underwent transcatheter renal angiography and embolization with 1 mL of either EIM or ELS. Post-embolization vessel occlusion was assessed using digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and graded via the Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) scale.

Both EIM and ELS achieved complete and persistent occlusion (TICI 0) without recanalization or collateral formation. EIM, being water-soluble with lower viscosity, was easier to inject and showed rapid intravascular diffusion, enabling faster visualization of embolization. ELS was more viscous, difficult to inject, and exhibited phase separation within one minute. Histopathology confirmed comparable thrombus formation in both groups. Transient elevations in hepatic and renal biomarkers were observed but returned to baseline by 1 and 2 weeks, respectively.

EIM and ELS both provided effective, durable renal artery embolization with minimal systemic toxicity. EIM offered superior injectability and handling, while overall efficacy and safety were similar.【Keywords】Ethanol-iohexol mixture; Ethanol-iodized oil suspension; Alcohol;Interventional embolization

To assess the clinical efficacy and safety of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) combined with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)–guided percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) performed simultaneously for small hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) located in high-risk areas.

A retrospective study was conducted on 61 patients (64 lesions) with high-risk HCC who underwent simultaneous CBCT-guided TACE and PEI at the Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, between January 2019 and December 2023. Follow-up evaluations were performed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. Complete ablation was determined based on the absence of arterial enhancement according to mRECIST criteria. The initial complete ablation rate, secondary complete ablation rate, and final complete ablation rate were calculated. Recurrence-free survival (RFS), local tumor progression (LTP), and adverse events were also analyzed.

The technical success rate was 100%. The initial complete ablation rate was 93.8% (60/64). Four lesions did not achieve complete ablation after the initial treatment; all subsequently achieved complete ablation following additional PEI, resulting in a final complete ablation rate of 100%. At the end of follow-up, among 61 patients (64 lesions), the overall tumor recurrence rate was 44.3% (27/61), and the incidence of LTP was 19.7% (12/61). The mean RFS was 34.75 months (95% CI: 28.99–40.50), and the mean time to LTP was 45.33 months (95% CI: 39.51–51.15). Both univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that maximum tumor diameter (≥2 cm and <3 cm) was an independent risk factor for RFS (P < 0.001). No severe treatment-related adverse events occurred during or after the procedure.

Simultaneous TACE combined with CBCT-guided PEI is a safe and effective therapeutic approach for small HCCs in high-risk anatomical locations, achieving excellent tumor control with minimal complications.

This study sought to construct a predictive model for the short-term efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) combined with targeted-immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients residing in high-altitude regions, offering a reliable quantifiable tool for clinical efficacy assessment.

A total of 101 eligible HCC patients were retrospectively included. Clinical and imaging data were collected, and independent predictive factors were identified via univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. A nomogram model was established, with internal validation performed using 1 000 bootstrap resamplings. Model performance was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibrated area under the curve (AUC), calibration curves, and decision curve analysis.

Maximum tumor diameter (OR=1.598, 95% CI: 1.265-2.017, P<0.05), lack of tumor pseudocapsule (OR=12.588, 95% CI: 2.356-67.238, P<0.05), and lower minimum apparent diffusion coefficient (ADCmin, OR=0.333，95% CI: 0.194-0.569, P<0.05) were identified as independent predictors of short-term treatment response. After bootstrap validation, the model's calibrated AUC reached 0.953 (95% CI: 0.919-0.993), and a visualized nomogram was generated accordingly.

This predictive model serves as a reliable quantifiable tool for efficacy evaluation and personalized treatment decision-making in HCC patients from high-altitude regions.

To study and compare the clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with hemoptysis associated with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) after transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE).

A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 109 patients who received TAE for pulmonary aspergillosis-related hemoptysis from January 2014 to January 2025, including 87 patients with CPA and 22 patients with IPA. And the postoperative survival rate without hemoptysis was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier curve.

The TAE technique and clinical success rate of 109 patients were 91% and 82% respectively. The CPA group had more bronchiectasis, and more pulmonary aspergilloma formation was observed on CT. The IPA group had more diabetes, more multiple pulmonary shadows on CT. Compared with CPA patients, the bleeding arteries of IPA patients were mainly bronchial artery (BA), and the number of non-bronchial systemic artery (NBSA) involved in the bleeding was less, and the recurrence rate was also lower.

TAE can also benefit patients with IPA-related hemoptysis. Compared with CPA patients, the hemoptysis arteries of IPA patients are mainly BA, and the number of involved NBSA is less, with a lower risk of recurrence.

To compare the efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) versus hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC), each combined with targeted therapy and immunotherapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) complicated by portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT).

This retrospective multicenter study included patients with HCC and PVTT treated at three centers between January 2020 and January 2025. The study population was grouped into a TACE combination group and an HAIC combination group. After propensity score matching, objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and adverse events were compared between the two groups.

After matching, 54 patients were included in each group. The ORR was 55.5% in the HAIC-combination group and 44.4% in the TACE-combination group (P=0.248). The HAIC-combination group had a longer median PFS (12.2 vs. 7.8 months, P=0.042) and OS (24.9 vs. 18.1 months, P=0.035) than the TACE-combination group. The incidence of grade Ⅲ/Ⅳ adverse events was 44.4% and 37.0% in the HAIC-and TACE-combination groups, respectively (P=0.555).

For patients with HCC and PVTT, the HAIC-based combination regimen showed better survival outcomes than the TACE-based combination regimen.

To evaluate the feasibility and safety of gelatin sponge-iohexol slurry for tract sealing after percutaneous liver biopsy in cirrhotic patients with moderate thrombocytopenia (PLT 20–50×10⁹/L).

A retrospective analysis was conducted on 60 patients with moderate thrombocytopenia who underwent CT-guided percutaneous liver biopsy at our hospital from March 2023 to March 2025. All patients underwent needle tract plugging with gelatin sponge-iohexol slurry immediately following the biopsy. The technical success rate, tract sealing success rate, and complication rates were evaluated.

The technical success rates for both the biopsy procedure and tract sealing were 100%. Grade 1 bleeding occurred in 8 patients (13.3%), with no instances of Grade 2 or higher bleeding. Mild local pain was reported in 4 patients (6.7%). No complications such as puncture site infection, biliary injury, pneumothorax, fever, or non-target embolization occurred.

The use of gelatin sponge-iohexol slurry for tract sealing has preliminarily demonstrated safety and feasibility in cirrhotic patients with moderate thrombocytopenia.

To explore the mutual influence of stigma of ¹²⁵I implantation patients and their caregivers on their quality of life,and to provide a basis for the formulation of targeted nursing intervention strategies.

Using convenience sampling,80 pairs of patients undergoing ¹²⁵I seed implantation and their primary caregivers admitted to Jiangyin People's Hospital from January 2023 to January 2024 were selected as the research subjects. The Social Impact Scale (SIS) was used to assess the patients'stigma,the Associated Stigma Scale (ASS) to assess the caregivers'stigma,and the Short Form 12 (SF-12) to evaluate the quality of life of both groups.Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to test the correlation between variables,and the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model was established.The actor and partner effects were quantified through path analysis of the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model.

The score of stigma in patients after ¹²⁵I particle implantation (58.95 ± 12.38) was higher than that of caregivers (46.38 ± 7.93). The total scores of physical and psychological quality of life in patients (42.94 ± 10.33) and caregivers (49.15 ± 9.49) were lower, respectively. The differences were statistically significant (stigma: t=8.578, physical quality of life: t=-3.962, psychological quality of life: t=-5.555, all P<0.001). The stigma of patients was negatively correlated with their own physical quality of life (r=-0.733, P<0.001) and psychological quality of life (r=-0.660, P<0.001). The stigma of caregivers was also negatively correlated with their own physical quality of life (r=-0.563, P<0.001) and psychological quality of life (r=-0.448, P<0.001). The main effect: The stigma of patients (β=-0.808) and caregivers (β=-0.947) significantly negatively predicted their own physical health. The object effect: The stigma of caregivers had a significant negative predictive effect on the mental health of patients (β=-0.808, P<0.05), but the stigma of patients had no significant effect on the quality of life of caregivers (β=0.397, P=0.273; β=-0.655, P=0.092).

The stigma of patients undergoing ¹²⁵I seed implantation and their caregivers is at a relatively high level, with patients having a higher degree of stigma than their caregivers. Stigma affects the quality of life of patients and caregivers through the " actor-partner " dual path. Patients and caregivers should be regarded as a whole, and the overall quality of life of both should be improved by reducing stigma.

To explore the treatment willingness and influencing factors among patients with primary lower extremity varicose veins.

A descriptive phenomenological approach within qualitative research was employed. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using content analysis to extract themes.

A total of 16 patients with lower extremity varicose veins were included, and five themes were identified: treatment willingness (proactive attitude, change in perception, passive motivation), disease-related factors (early concealed symptoms, later symptom exacerbation, perceived treatment risk), individual-related factors (disease knowledge, attitude toward the disease, age, availability of time, past failure experiences), family-related factors, and social-related factors (successful cases, media influence, medical insurance).

The treatment willingness of patients with primary lower extremity varicose veins is a dynamic and multifaceted process influenced by disease, family, social, and healthcare system factors. To shape patients' treatment willingness and promote healthy behaviors, interventions should be implemented across disease, family, and social dimensions to achieve effective health management.

This study aims to retrieve, integrate, and evaluate the best evidence for hydration therapy in preventing contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) after interventional procedures, providing an evidence-based foundation for the standardized prevention and management of CIN in clinical practice.

The PIPOST principle was followed to clearly define the evidence-based question. According to the "6S" evidence pyramid model, systematic searches were conducted in databases/websites such as BMJ Best Practice, UpToDate, JBI, PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, VIP, Wanfang, the National Guideline Clearinghouse of the United States, the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence of the United Kingdom, and the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes. The search content focused on literature related to hydration therapy for preventing CIN in patients after interventional procedures. Data extraction and organization were carried out for the included literature, and a hierarchical evaluation was conducted.

A total of 15 articles were finally included, including 1 guideline, 1 expert consensus, 2 systematic reviews, 6 randomized controlled trials, and 5 quasi-experimental studies. A total of 18 recommendations covering four key dimensions, namely high-risk assessment, health education, implementation plans, and evaluation indicators, were integrated.

This study systematically analyzed the best practice evidence for hydration therapy in preventing post-interventional CIN, offering important scientific references for optimizing clinical decision-making and practice.

This article reports a case of postpartum hemorrhage with an unusual shunt between the uterine artery and profunda femoris artery detected during UAE was retrospectively analyzed, including imaging findings, management strategy, and outcome.

Superselective angiography revealed an abnormal communication between the ascending branch of the left uterine artery and the profunda femoris artery, with reflux opacification of the superficial femoral artery. The descending branch of the left uterine artery was embolized with gelatin sponge particles, while the small shunt in the ascending branch was not treated. Hemorrhage was successfully controlled without ectopic embolization or lower limb ischemic complications.

Although rare, abnormal communication between the uterine artery and profunda femoris artery is clinically significant. Careful preoperative and intraoperative imaging evaluation, standardized superselective techniques, and appropriate embolization strategies are essential to reduce the risk of ectopic embolization.

Pulmonary sequestration is a relatively rare congenital abnormality of lung development. In the past, surgical resection was often chosen for treatment. However, traditional surgical resection has high risks of complications and affects the quality of life of patients. We report a case of pulmonary sequestration combined with recurrent hemoptysis treated by interventional embolization. The examination showed a 2.0 cm abnormal blood supply artery originating from the thoracic aorta in the left lower lung. Interventional embolization was performed. One month after the operation, the embolization was satisfactory and the hemoptysis disappeared. During the 3-month follow-up, the condition was stable. Interventional treatment is minimally invasive and has a fast recovery rate. The efficacy is superior to traditional surgery and is the preferred treatment option for PS combined with hemoptysis. It is worthy of clinical promotion.

An 8-year-old female child underwent hepatointestinal anastomosis at the age of 4 months and had 3 repeated gastrointestinal bleeding in the past 1 year. CT confirmed liver cirrhosis and splenomegaly, and gastroscopy showed severe varicose veins of the esophageal and gastric fundus. Emergency Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS) procedure: an 8 mm diameter stent was placed, reducing the portal vein pressure from 34 mmHg to 17 mmHg. Bleeding stopped 72 hours after surgery, and the stent was patented by ultrasound review. TIPS is a minimally invasive, safe and effective treatment method for portal hypertension gastrointestinal bleeding in children with cirrhosis, which can quickly and effectively reduce portal vein pressure, improve symptoms such as gastrointestinal bleeding, and can also be used as a transitional treatment before liver transplantation in children, but its efficacy still needs to be verified by long-term follow-up