Embolization is a cornerstone of modern interventional radiology, offering minimally invasive treatments for hemorrhages, tumors, and vascular malformations. Clinical success depends on the strategic selection of agents based on vascular anatomy and therapeutic goals. This review comprehensively explores the transition from traditional materials to advanced biomaterials designed for specific clinical scenarios. Temporary strategies utilize gelatin sponge particles and resorbable microspheres to provide transient occlusion, with recent focus on quick soluble versions that prevent long term ischemic injury. Permanent embolization has evolved from metallic coils and polyvinyl alcohol particles to sophisticated microsphere platforms, including drug eluting and radiopaque beads. Liquid embolic systems, such as N butyl cyanoacrylate and ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers, represent a significant paradigm shift by offering superior penetration into distal microvascular beds without the limitations of solid particles. Furthermore, ethanol remains a critical chemical sclerosant for definitive obliteration by inducing immediate endothelial destruction. Innovations like second generation hydrogel coated coils and bioabsorbable filaments further enhance procedural safety and predictability. As endovascular therapy moves toward high precision interventions, understanding these diverse temporary and permanent materials is essential for optimizing patient outcomes and minimizing complications in complex vascular landscapes.