本文综述介入栓塞治疗中常用栓塞材料的类别、作用特点及应用要点，并概述相关新材料发展趋势，旨在为临床栓塞材料的个体化选择提供参考。栓塞术的临床疗效与并发症风险在很大程度上取决于栓塞材料的合理选择，需综合考虑闭塞持续时间、靶血管解剖与血流动力学特征以及具体治疗目标。近期研究重点集中在可快速溶解的栓塞剂，以避免长期缺血损伤。永久性栓塞技术已从金属弹簧圈和聚乙烯醇颗粒发展到精密的微球平台（含载药微球与可显影微球）。液体栓塞剂，如N-丁基氰基丙烯酸酯和乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物，实现了重大的范式转变，其能够不受固体颗粒的限制，深入渗透到远端微血管床。此外，乙醇作为关键的化学硬化剂，通过诱导内皮细胞即时坏死实现彻底闭塞。第二代水凝胶涂层弹簧圈和生物可吸收纤维的创新技术进一步提高了手术安全性和可预测性。随着血管内治疗向高精度介入发展，理解这些多样化的临时和永久材料对于在复杂的血管病变中优化患者预后和最小化并发症至关重要。

Embolization is a cornerstone of modern interventional radiology, offering minimally invasive treatments for hemorrhages, tumors, and vascular malformations. Clinical success depends on the strategic selection of agents based on vascular anatomy and therapeutic goals. This review comprehensively explores the transition from traditional materials to advanced biomaterials designed for specific clinical scenarios. Temporary strategies utilize gelatin sponge particles and resorbable microspheres to provide transient occlusion, with recent focus on quick soluble versions that prevent long term ischemic injury. Permanent embolization has evolved from metallic coils and polyvinyl alcohol particles to sophisticated microsphere platforms, including drug eluting and radiopaque beads. Liquid embolic systems, such as N butyl cyanoacrylate and ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers, represent a significant paradigm shift by offering superior penetration into distal microvascular beds without the limitations of solid particles. Furthermore, ethanol remains a critical chemical sclerosant for definitive obliteration by inducing immediate endothelial destruction. Innovations like second generation hydrogel coated coils and bioabsorbable filaments further enhance procedural safety and predictability. As endovascular therapy moves toward high precision interventions, understanding these diverse temporary and permanent materials is essential for optimizing patient outcomes and minimizing complications in complex vascular landscapes.