Expert Consensus on Nursing Standards for Bronchial Artery Embolization in the Treatment of Hemoptysis

doi:10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-5782.2026.01.001

Abstract

Abstract:

Bronchial artery embolization (BAE) has become an effective method for treating hemoptysis due to its minimally invasive nature, rapid hemostasis, and low complication rate. Its safety and effectiveness are well-established. The rapid and effective implementation of a nursing plan is key to improving patient prognosis, particularly in cases of life-threatening massive hemoptysis. Currently, there is no standardized peri-procedure nursing protocol for BAE treatment of hemoptysis. To ensure treatment efficacy and reduce adverse reactions, the "Expert Consensus on Nursing Standards for BAE in the Treatment of Hemoptysis" has been formulated. This consensus is based on existing evidence and Delphi expert consultations, combined with clinical practice in China. It focuses on patient care evaluation, emergency care, pre-procedure preparation and coordination, peri-procedure care, efficacy evaluation, and health guidance. This consensus is intended to provide professional, evidence-based nursing protocols for patients undergoing BAE for hemoptysis.

Key words: bronchial artery embolization, hemoptysis, nursing standard, Expert consensus

Committee of Peripheral Vascular Experts of the Interventional Physicians Branch of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association. Expert Consensus on Nursing Standards for Bronchial Artery Embolization in the Treatment of Hemoptysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Interventional Radiology(Electronic Edition), 2026, 14(01): 1-11.

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References 44

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责任病变征象	责任血管征象
支气管扩张	责任血管增粗、扭曲、数量增多
肿瘤	体动脉-肺动脉分流
感染	动脉瘤（假性/真性）
小叶中心结节（包括树芽征）	主动脉-支气管瘘
磨玻璃影	血管畸形
肺部实变	主动脉瘤/夹层
在亚急性期，肺内的间隔线增厚	胸膜增厚（可能伴有贯穿血管)
支气管结石	对比剂外溢

责任病变征象	责任血管征象
支气管扩张	责任血管增粗、扭曲、数量增多
肿瘤	体动脉-肺动脉分流
感染	动脉瘤（假性/真性）
小叶中心结节（包括树芽征）	主动脉-支气管瘘
磨玻璃影	血管畸形
肺部实变	主动脉瘤/夹层
在亚急性期，肺内的间隔线增厚	胸膜增厚（可能伴有贯穿血管)
支气管结石	对比剂外溢

鉴别要点	呕血	咯血
病因	消化性溃疡、急性糜烂出血性胃炎、肝硬化、胆道出血等	支气管炎、肺炎、肺结核、支气管扩张症、特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症、心血管疾病等
前驱症状	上腹不适、恶心、呕吐	喉部痒感、咳嗽、胸闷等
出血方式	呕出，可为喷射状	咯出
出血颜色	棕黑、暗红，有时鲜红	鲜红，淡红色
血液性质	食物残渣、胃液	痰、泡沫
pH反应	酸性	碱性
出血后血便	有，可为柏油样便，呕血停止后仍持续数日	除非咽下，否则没有
出血后痰性状	无血痰	常有血痰数日
胸部X线和体征	肺部常无病变和阳性体征	肺部病变，常有肺部体征

鉴别要点	呕血	咯血
病因	消化性溃疡、急性糜烂出血性胃炎、肝硬化、胆道出血等	支气管炎、肺炎、肺结核、支气管扩张症、特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症、心血管疾病等
前驱症状	上腹不适、恶心、呕吐	喉部痒感、咳嗽、胸闷等
出血方式	呕出，可为喷射状	咯出
出血颜色	棕黑、暗红，有时鲜红	鲜红，淡红色
血液性质	食物残渣、胃液	痰、泡沫
pH反应	酸性	碱性
出血后血便	有，可为柏油样便，呕血停止后仍持续数日	除非咽下，否则没有
出血后痰性状	无血痰	常有血痰数日
胸部X线和体征	肺部常无病变和阳性体征	肺部病变，常有肺部体征

休克指数（脉率/收缩压）	失血量（%）	休克程度
≥1	20~30	血容量减少
≥1.5	30~50	严重休克
≥2	50~70	重度休克

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