Experimental study on the materials properties of bone cement treated by different cooling methods to prolong it's injection time in the vertebroplasty

doi:10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-5782.2024.03.007

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective

To explore the changes of polymerization time, polymerization temperature and mechanical properties of bone cement treated with different cooling treatments.

Methods

Methyl acrylate bone cement was divided into three groups according to different cooling methods. Group A was the control group. Group B was a 4℃ pre-cooling group, in which the bone cement was placed in a 4℃ temperature for 24 hours before powder and liquid mixing. Group C was the 0℃ rapid cooling group, and the powder and liquid of the bone cement were mixed and then placed in the 0℃ for rapid cooling. Each group was further divided into two subgroups. The first subgroup waited for the cement to enter the viscous phase and then placed it at 22℃ to continue the experiment (group A1, B1, and C1), and the second subgroup waited for the cement to enter the viscous phase and then placed it at 37℃ to continue the experiment (group A2, B2, and C2). The three indexes of bone cement, which include the polymerization time (the maintenance time of rarefaction phase, viscous phase, and hardening phase), the polymerization temperature, and the mechanical properties (strength and stiffness), were measured. The material properties among subgroups A1, B1, and C1; and among subgroups A2, B2, and C2 were compared by one-way ANOVA. The paired t test was used to compare the differences of material properties between the two subgroups (A1-A2, B1-B2, C1-C2) of the same group, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The duration of the viscous phase (1 880.0 ± 59.9 seconds) of group C1 was significantly longer than that of group A1 and B1 (P < 0.05). The duration of viscous phase (193.8 ± 14.7 seconds) of the group C2 was significantly shorter than that of group C1, furthermore, there was no significant difference among groups C2, A2 and B2. The maximum polymerization temperature of the bone cement in group C1 (11.6 ± 0.7)℃ was significantly lower than that in group A1 and B1 (P < 0.05), however, the maximum polymerization temperature of the group C2 (95.7 ± 2.2)℃ was significantly higher than that of group C1, furthermore, there was no significant difference among groups C2, A2 and B2. The strength of the bone cement in group C1 (81.3 ± 3.6) Mpa was significantly lower than that in group A1 and B1 (P < 0.05), however, the strength of the bone cement in group C2 (90.9 ± 3.5) Mpa, was significantly higher than that in group C1, furthermore, there was no significant difference among groups C2, A2 and B2. There was no significant difference in cement stiffness among groups A1, B1, and C1, and among groups A2, B2, and C2.

Conclusion

Rapid cooling at 0℃ to prolong the working time of bone cement injection is a safe, feasible and effective method.

Key words: Bone cement, Hypothermia, Polymerization time, Mechanical properties, Percutaneous vertebroplasty

Shuai Zhang, Kai Liu, Ganggang Wang, Caifang Ni, Long Chen. Experimental study on the materials properties of bone cement treated by different cooling methods to prolong it's injection time in the vertebroplasty[J]. Chinese Journal of Interventional Radiology(Electronic Edition), 2024, 12(03): 228-233.

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References 16

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组别	稀薄期持续时间（s）	黏稠期持续时间（s）	硬化期持续时间（s）	最高温度（℃）	50℃以上时间（s）	强度（MPa）	刚度（N/m）
A1	179.5 ± 9.0	227.3 ± 28.0	217.5 ± 14.8	93.5 ± 1.7	551.0 ± 69.9	91.3 ± 3.6	1 477.9 ± 137.4
B1	444.7 ± 21.8	306.5 ± 40.0	137.2 ± 46.5	100.6 ± 3.8	575.2 ± 41.3	90.7 ± 3.4	1 460.1 ± 144.3
C1	3 273.3 ± 125.4	1 880.0 ± 59.9	1 411.7 ± 90.2	11.6 ± 0.7	/	81.3 ± 3.6	1 412.5 ± 134.9
F值	3 252.846	2 614.684	872.224	2 507.706	0.532	14.812	0.356
P值	0.000^a	0.000^a	0.000^a	0.000^a	0.482	0.000^a	0.707

组别	稀薄期持续时间（s）	黏稠期持续时间（s）	硬化期持续时间（s）	最高温度（℃）	50℃以上时间（s）	强度（MPa）	刚度（N/m）
A1	179.5 ± 9.0	227.3 ± 28.0	217.5 ± 14.8	93.5 ± 1.7	551.0 ± 69.9	91.3 ± 3.6	1 477.9 ± 137.4
B1	444.7 ± 21.8	306.5 ± 40.0	137.2 ± 46.5	100.6 ± 3.8	575.2 ± 41.3	90.7 ± 3.4	1 460.1 ± 144.3
C1	3 273.3 ± 125.4	1 880.0 ± 59.9	1 411.7 ± 90.2	11.6 ± 0.7	/	81.3 ± 3.6	1 412.5 ± 134.9
F值	3 252.846	2 614.684	872.224	2 507.706	0.532	14.812	0.356
P值	0.000^a	0.000^a	0.000^a	0.000^a	0.482	0.000^a	0.707

组别	稀薄期持续时间（s）	黏稠期持续时间（s）	硬化期持续时间（s）	最高温度（℃）	50℃以上时间（s）	强度（MPa）	刚度（N/m）
A2	179.5 ± 9.0	160.7 ± 10.9	98.2 ± 5.8	96.2 ± 5.2	334.6 ± 56.0	91.5 ± 3.5	1 514.8 ± 141.5
B2	444.7 ± 21.8	178.5 ± 15.0	90.7 ± 5.7	97.6 ± 7.4	356.3 ± 36.1	91.3 ± 3.9	1 482.1 ± 126.6
C2	3 273.3 ± 125.4	193.8 ± 14.7	95.0 ± 3.5	95.7 ± 2.2	326.3 ± 10.7	90.9 ± 3.5	1 482.5 ± 132.5
F值	3 252.846	8.883	3.237	0.199	0.947	0.051	0.118
P值	0.000^a	0.003^a	0.068	0.821	0.410	0.950	0.890

组别	稀薄期持续时间（s）	黏稠期持续时间（s）	硬化期持续时间（s）	最高温度（℃）	50℃以上时间（s）	强度（MPa）	刚度（N/m）
A2	179.5 ± 9.0	160.7 ± 10.9	98.2 ± 5.8	96.2 ± 5.2	334.6 ± 56.0	91.5 ± 3.5	1 514.8 ± 141.5
B2	444.7 ± 21.8	178.5 ± 15.0	90.7 ± 5.7	97.6 ± 7.4	356.3 ± 36.1	91.3 ± 3.9	1 482.1 ± 126.6
C2	3 273.3 ± 125.4	193.8 ± 14.7	95.0 ± 3.5	95.7 ± 2.2	326.3 ± 10.7	90.9 ± 3.5	1 482.5 ± 132.5
F值	3 252.846	8.883	3.237	0.199	0.947	0.051	0.118
P值	0.000^a	0.003^a	0.068	0.821	0.410	0.950	0.890

组别		黏稠期时间（s）	硬化期时间（s）	最高温度（℃）	50℃以上时间（s）	强度（MPa）	刚度（N/m）
A1-A2	t值	6.472	19.932	-1.607	18.105	-0.278	-0.868
	P值	0.001^a	0.000^a	0.169	0.000^a	0.792	0.425
B1-B2	t值	4.796	2.603	0.846	7.595	-1.892	-0.810
	P值	0.005^a	0.048^a	0.436	0.001^a	0.117	0.455
C1-C2	t值	65.258	34.947	-78.085	/	-19.350	-2.924
	P值	0.000^a	0.000^a	0.000^a	/	0.000^a	0.033^a

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